codeforces#P1559D2. Mocha and Diana (Hard Version)

    ID: 32298 远端评测题 2000ms 256MiB 尝试: 4 已通过: 1 难度: 10 上传者: 标签>brute forceconstructive algorithmsdata structuresdfs and similardsugreedytrees

Mocha and Diana (Hard Version)

Description

This is the hard version of the problem. The only difference between the two versions is the constraint on nn. You can make hacks only if all versions of the problem are solved.

A forest is an undirected graph without cycles (not necessarily connected).

Mocha and Diana are friends in Zhijiang, both of them have a forest with nodes numbered from 11 to nn, and they would like to add edges to their forests such that:

  • After adding edges, both of their graphs are still forests.
  • They add the same edges. That is, if an edge (u,v)(u, v) is added to Mocha's forest, then an edge (u,v)(u, v) is added to Diana's forest, and vice versa.

Mocha and Diana want to know the maximum number of edges they can add, and which edges to add.

The first line contains three integers nn, m1m_1 and m2m_2 (1n1051 \le n \le 10^5, 0m1,m2<n0 \le m_1, m_2 < n) — the number of nodes and the number of initial edges in Mocha's forest and Diana's forest.

Each of the next m1m_1 lines contains two integers uu and vv (1u,vn1 \le u, v \le n, uvu \neq v) — the edges in Mocha's forest.

Each of the next m2m_2 lines contains two integers uu and vv (1u,vn1 \le u, v \le n, uvu \neq v) — the edges in Diana's forest.

The first line contains only one integer hh, the maximum number of edges Mocha and Diana can add.

Each of the next hh lines contains two integers uu and vv (1u,vn1 \le u, v \le n, uvu \neq v) — the edge you add each time.

If there are multiple correct answers, you can print any one of them.

Input

The first line contains three integers nn, m1m_1 and m2m_2 (1n1051 \le n \le 10^5, 0m1,m2<n0 \le m_1, m_2 < n) — the number of nodes and the number of initial edges in Mocha's forest and Diana's forest.

Each of the next m1m_1 lines contains two integers uu and vv (1u,vn1 \le u, v \le n, uvu \neq v) — the edges in Mocha's forest.

Each of the next m2m_2 lines contains two integers uu and vv (1u,vn1 \le u, v \le n, uvu \neq v) — the edges in Diana's forest.

Output

The first line contains only one integer hh, the maximum number of edges Mocha and Diana can add.

Each of the next hh lines contains two integers uu and vv (1u,vn1 \le u, v \le n, uvu \neq v) — the edge you add each time.

If there are multiple correct answers, you can print any one of them.

Samples

输入数据 1

3 2 2
1 2
2 3
1 2
1 3

输出数据 1

0

输入数据 2

5 3 2
5 4
2 1
4 3
4 3
1 4

输出数据 2

1
2 4

输入数据 3

8 1 2
1 7
2 6
1 5

输出数据 3

5
5 2
2 3
3 4
4 7
6 8

Note

In the first example, we cannot add any edge.

In the second example, the initial forests are as follows.

We can add an edge (2,4)(2, 4).